Diritto e politica dell'Unione europea
Whenever a new report on artificial intelligence comes out, I am less interested in which model has topped the rankings than in what has actually changed. Stanford’s 2026 AI Index offers some useful answers. It is hardly a celebration of the technology:…
When people discuss the Greenland agreement, I get the impression that the debate often revolves more around Donald Trump’s statements than around what the governments actually signed. The distinction is important in this case. On 13 October, Trump once again…
Oggi, mentre preparavo una lezione universitaria sulla raccolta delle informazioni nelle reti digitali, mi è capitato un piccolo episodio con ChatGPT che mi ha fatto riflettere sul modo in cui l’intelligenza artificiale interpreta le informazioni, soprattutto quando riguardano la sicurezza…
Cloud, intelligenza artificiale e sovranità europea: il nuovo terreno di confronto con gli Stati Uniti Le dichiarazioni dell’ambasciatore americano presso l’Unione europea, Andrew Puzder, sul progetto europeo di regolamentazione del cloud e dell’intelligenza artificiale mi sembrano particolarmente interessanti, soprattutto se…
La coercizione economica sta diventando una presenza stabile nelle relazioni internazionali. È utile leggerla a partire da uno studio pubblicato dal Parlamento europeo nel settembre 2026, che esamina 41 episodi di pressione economica sull’Unione europea tra il 2018 e il 2026.…
Ogni volta che esce un nuovo rapporto sull’intelligenza artificiale, mi interessa meno scoprire quale modello sia arrivato primo in classifica e più capire che cosa sia cambiato davvero. Il nuovo AI Index 2026 di Stanford offre qualche risposta. Non è un documento…
La vicenda delle limitazioni imposte a Starlink in Ucraina è significativa, anche perché mostra quanto il funzionamento delle moderne capacità militari dipenda ormai da infrastrutture che gli Stati non controllano direttamente. Il problema, in questo caso, riguarda la velocità dei droni,…
Aspettavo da tempo questa sentenza. Il rinvio pregiudiziale proveniente dalla Germania, nella causa C-67/25, poneva una questione apparentemente circoscritta, ma con conseguenze importanti per l’effettiva applicazione delle sanzioni europee contro la propaganda russa. Chi gestisce un sito Internet e diffonde…
Quando si parla dell’accordo sulla Groenlandia, ho l’impressione che si finisca spesso per discutere delle dichiarazioni di Donald Trump più che di ciò che i governi hanno effettivamente sottoscritto. La differenza, in questo caso, non è marginale. Il 13 ottobre,…
Quando parliamo delle sanzioni europee contro la Russia, pensiamo quasi sempre alla guerra in Ucraina, al congelamento dei beni, alle restrizioni commerciali o ai divieti di esportazione di tecnologie. C’è però un altro capitolo della politica sanzionatoria europea che merita…
Il Graham Act, la decisione di Trump del 9 ottobre 2026 e la politica delle deroghe 9 ottobre 2026 — Analisi giuridico-politica A distanza di appena tre settimane dalla promulgazione di una delle più incisive leggi statunitensi sulle sanzioni contro…
“I have the impression that, even if we handed political decision-makers today the newspaper from next year, many of them would not know what to do with it.” The remark is deliberately paradoxical, but it captures a real problem: the…
La neutralità non è indifferenza: il voto svizzero e il futuro delle sanzioni alla Russia Il voto del 27 settembre 2026 in Svizzera merita qualche riflessione che va oltre il risultato referendario. Il 70,16% degli elettori ha respinto l’iniziativa popolare…
Il 1° dicembre 2025 l’Assemblea generale delle Nazioni Unite ha adottato la risoluzione 80/23 sui «Possible risks of the integration of artificial intelligence into command, control and communications systems of nuclear weapons». Il titolo delimita con precisione il problema: l’integrazione…
Congresso, Presidente ed evoluzione del diritto costituzionale statunitense in materia di politica commerciale Quando si parla di «dazi presidenziali», si finisce facilmente per dare per scontato proprio ciò che andrebbe chiarito: da dove viene il potere del Presidente di imporli?…
From IEEPA emergency tariffs to a multi-statute architecture The Supreme Court did not end the tariff era. It forced the administration to rebuild it on different legal foundations — and what emerged is, in some respects, more durable than what…
The EU shift from sanctions adoption to criminal enforcement For many years, what I considered a structural weakness of EU sanctions policy lay in enforcement. Restrictive measures such as asset freezes, trade restrictions, export bans and prohibitions on services are…
The European Union’s sanctions policy has gradually moved beyond the traditional model of restrictive measures directed at particular countries. One of the clearest expressions of this development is the EU Global Human Rights Sanctions Regime, established in December 2020 to enable…
The United States’ tariffs on steel and aluminum under Section 232 of the Trade Expansion Act of 1962 have evolved into one of the most significant examples of the growing interaction between trade policy, industrial policy and national security. What…
When lawyers speak of the “Italian sanctions authority”, the expression is convenient but potentially misleading. Italy does not entrust the implementation of international and European Union restrictive measures to a single administrative body. The national system is deliberately fragmented by…
The European Union’s sanctions policy has gradually moved beyond the traditional model of restrictive measures directed at particular countries. One of the clearest expressions of this development is the EU Global Human Rights Sanctions Regime, established in December 2020 to enable…
Cyber operations have become an increasingly important dimension of international security. They may disrupt critical infrastructure, interfere with public institutions, compromise classified information or affect essential services without crossing a territorial border in the traditional sense. For the European Union,…
The prohibition of chemical weapons is one of the oldest and most firmly established norms of international law. Translating that prohibition into targeted restrictive measures within the EU legal order, however, required a specific instrument. The EU sanctions regime on…
Can performing at a state-sponsored concert amount to “support” for actions undermining Ukraine’s territorial integrity — enough to justify EU sanctions? The General Court’s judgment in Gagarina v Council (T-460/24), delivered on 16 September 2026, concerns the inclusion of Russian…
The document does not treat security as a self-contained policy field. Instead, security functions as a cross-cutting category connecting defence, borders, critical infrastructure, energy, democratic resilience, artificial intelligence, enlargement and economic policy. 1. European security and defence The clearest passage…
I had been waiting for this one. Case C-67/25 had been languishing on the Court’s docket for months, and for anyone keeping an eye on how the EU enforces its information sanctions against Russia — genuinely enforces them, not just…
Calling Ireland a tax haven is a good way to end a conversation before it starts. The phrase is politically loaded, slightly unfair, and — this is the problem — not entirely wrong. Ireland is not the Cayman Islands. It…
Germany did not win globalisation in general. It won a particular globalisation — one that handsomely rewarded countries willing to run persistent trade surpluses, hold wages down, starve domestic demand, and ride a real exchange rate that competitors locked inside the euro…
Germany’s New Defence-Oriented Counter-Intelligence Code The 2026 reform of the Militärischer Abschirmdienst (MAD), the German Military Counter-Intelligence Service, is not a merely technical amendment. It constitutes a comprehensive re-legislation of German military counter-intelligence law and represents one of the most significant transformations…
The Islamabad Memorandum of 2026 has been compared to the JCPOA — sometimes as its successor, sometimes as its replacement, sometimes as proof that diplomacy with Iran can work. The comparison is understandable but misleading. The two agreements differ in…
Vienna Convention – Law Treaties 1969 art. 31-33 SECTION 3. INTERPRETATION OF TREATIES Article 31 General rule of interpretation 1.A treaty shall be interpreted in good faith in accordance with the ordinary meaning to be given to the terms of…
Europe 2031 is one of the most stimulating contributions to the current debate on artificial intelligence, technological sovereignty, and Europe’s place in a rapidly changing geopolitical order. Written as a fictional scenario rather than a conventional policy report, it succeeds…
When discussing the strategic, operational, and tactical levels, the first mistake to avoid is treating them as three rigidly separated steps in a hierarchy. It is not enough to say that the strategic level is “more important,” the operational level…
When U.S. Sanctions Meet EU Banking Rights: The CJEU’s Judgment in Jenec — Case C-81/24 On 11 June 2026, the Court of Justice of the European Union delivered its judgment in Jenec, Case C-81/24, concerning access to basic banking services where a consumer…
This continues from the previous post. Those who do research in a law faculty don’t disappear. But the source of their value changes. The most fragile part of legal research is the part that resembles standardizable informational work: searching for sources,…
What will still matter when intelligence becomes cheap? This is the central question at the heart of the forthcoming volume Messy Jobs by Luis Garicano, Jin Li, and Yanhui Wu. Much of the debate on artificial intelligence is framed around a simple…
Innovation is not the same thing as invention. Invention produces novelty; innovation transforms novelty into value. That transformation depends on an ecosystem: capital able to finance uncertainty, markets large enough to reward scale, institutions fast enough to enable experimentation, and…
A vocabulary used loosely In contemporary legal and political debate, five expressions are made to carry a great deal of weight and are frequently treated as interchangeable: national interest, national security, essential (or fundamental) security interests of the State, public…
The European Commission’s new Communication on European Tech Sovereignty marks a significant shift in the EU’s digital policy agenda, and one that I consider among the most consequential of this Commission’s term. The message is clear: Europe can no longer rely primarily…
Article 105 of the General Court’s Rules of Procedure deals with how the Court handles classified or security-sensitive information in a case. The core tension it resolves: normally both parties to a case must see all evidence (the adversarial principle),…
