Difesa, intelligence, nucleare, droni, deterrenza
Whenever a new report on artificial intelligence comes out, I am less interested in which model has topped the rankings than in what has actually changed. Stanford’s 2026 AI Index offers some useful answers. It is hardly a celebration of the technology:…
When people discuss the Greenland agreement, I get the impression that the debate often revolves more around Donald Trump’s statements than around what the governments actually signed. The distinction is important in this case. On 13 October, Trump once again…
Oggi, mentre preparavo una lezione universitaria sulla raccolta delle informazioni nelle reti digitali, mi è capitato un piccolo episodio con ChatGPT che mi ha fatto riflettere sul modo in cui l’intelligenza artificiale interpreta le informazioni, soprattutto quando riguardano la sicurezza…
Cloud, intelligenza artificiale e sovranità europea: il nuovo terreno di confronto con gli Stati Uniti Le dichiarazioni dell’ambasciatore americano presso l’Unione europea, Andrew Puzder, sul progetto europeo di regolamentazione del cloud e dell’intelligenza artificiale mi sembrano particolarmente interessanti, soprattutto se…
Ogni volta che esce un nuovo rapporto sull’intelligenza artificiale, mi interessa meno scoprire quale modello sia arrivato primo in classifica e più capire che cosa sia cambiato davvero. Il nuovo AI Index 2026 di Stanford offre qualche risposta. Non è un documento…
La vicenda delle limitazioni imposte a Starlink in Ucraina è significativa, anche perché mostra quanto il funzionamento delle moderne capacità militari dipenda ormai da infrastrutture che gli Stati non controllano direttamente. Il problema, in questo caso, riguarda la velocità dei droni,…
Il 16 ottobre 2026 Trump ha firmato un Executive Order che dà attuazione al Lindsey O. Graham Sanctioning Russia and Iran Act of 2026, approvato il 18 settembre scorso. La vicenda merita qualche precisazione, anche perché credo sia importante distinguere ciò…
Quando si parla dell’accordo sulla Groenlandia, ho l’impressione che si finisca spesso per discutere delle dichiarazioni di Donald Trump più che di ciò che i governi hanno effettivamente sottoscritto. La differenza, in questo caso, non è marginale. Il 13 ottobre,…
La vicenda del gasolio russo è interessante per una ragione che va oltre la scelta politica di Trump di alleggerire, almeno in questo settore, la pressione su Mosca. Il 9 ottobre 2026 l’Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC), l’ufficio del…
Il Graham Act, la decisione di Trump del 9 ottobre 2026 e la politica delle deroghe 9 ottobre 2026 — Analisi giuridico-politica A distanza di appena tre settimane dalla promulgazione di una delle più incisive leggi statunitensi sulle sanzioni contro…
Quando si parla di intelligenza artificiale e giornalismo, ci si chiede spesso se un sistema automatico possa scrivere un articolo al posto di un giornalista. Nell’università la domanda è simile: potrà produrre saggi, preparare lezioni o contribuire alla ricerca? Sono…
Nei programmi informatici tradizionali le operazioni seguono, in larga misura, istruzioni e percorsi definiti in anticipo. Con i sistemi di intelligenza artificiale capaci di agire autonomamente, invece, chi assegna un compito può lasciare al sistema la scelta delle operazioni necessarie…
“I have the impression that, even if we handed political decision-makers today the newspaper from next year, many of them would not know what to do with it.” The remark is deliberately paradoxical, but it captures a real problem: the…
Il 1° dicembre 2025 l’Assemblea generale delle Nazioni Unite ha adottato la risoluzione 80/23 sui «Possible risks of the integration of artificial intelligence into command, control and communications systems of nuclear weapons». Il titolo delimita con precisione il problema: l’integrazione…
Congresso, Presidente ed evoluzione del diritto costituzionale statunitense in materia di politica commerciale Quando si parla di «dazi presidenziali», si finisce facilmente per dare per scontato proprio ciò che andrebbe chiarito: da dove viene il potere del Presidente di imporli?…
From IEEPA emergency tariffs to a multi-statute architecture The Supreme Court did not end the tariff era. It forced the administration to rebuild it on different legal foundations — and what emerged is, in some respects, more durable than what…
The United States’ tariffs on steel and aluminum under Section 232 of the Trade Expansion Act of 1962 have evolved into one of the most significant examples of the growing interaction between trade policy, industrial policy and national security. What…
When lawyers speak of the “Italian sanctions authority”, the expression is convenient but potentially misleading. Italy does not entrust the implementation of international and European Union restrictive measures to a single administrative body. The national system is deliberately fragmented by…
Cyber operations have become an increasingly important dimension of international security. They may disrupt critical infrastructure, interfere with public institutions, compromise classified information or affect essential services without crossing a territorial border in the traditional sense. For the European Union,…
The prohibition of chemical weapons is one of the oldest and most firmly established norms of international law. Translating that prohibition into targeted restrictive measures within the EU legal order, however, required a specific instrument. The EU sanctions regime on…
The United States Congress has approved the Lindsey O. Graham Sanctioning Russia and Iran Act of 2026, the most significant legislative package of new sanctions against Russia adopted since the beginning of the second Trump administration. Named after Senator Lindsey Graham,…
The document does not treat security as a self-contained policy field. Instead, security functions as a cross-cutting category connecting defence, borders, critical infrastructure, energy, democratic resilience, artificial intelligence, enlargement and economic policy. 1. European security and defence The clearest passage…
The central lesson from de Volkskrant’s investigation into Dutch intelligence before Russia’s 2022 invasion of Ukraine is not simply that the AIVD and MIVD “missed” the invasion. It is more troubling than that: they had many of the relevant indicators, but…
Calling Ireland a tax haven is a good way to end a conversation before it starts. The phrase is politically loaded, slightly unfair, and — this is the problem — not entirely wrong. Ireland is not the Cayman Islands. It…
Germany’s New Defence-Oriented Counter-Intelligence Code The 2026 reform of the Militärischer Abschirmdienst (MAD), the German Military Counter-Intelligence Service, is not a merely technical amendment. It constitutes a comprehensive re-legislation of German military counter-intelligence law and represents one of the most significant transformations…
Germany is entering a decisive phase in the reform of its intelligence law. The debate is no longer limited to technical adjustments after constitutional litigation. It now concerns the future institutional role of the federal intelligence services, especially the Bundesnachrichtendienst (BND),…
The Islamabad Memorandum of 2026 has been compared to the JCPOA — sometimes as its successor, sometimes as its replacement, sometimes as proof that diplomacy with Iran can work. The comparison is understandable but misleading. The two agreements differ in…
Europe 2031 is one of the most stimulating contributions to the current debate on artificial intelligence, technological sovereignty, and Europe’s place in a rapidly changing geopolitical order. Written as a fictional scenario rather than a conventional policy report, it succeeds…
When discussing the strategic, operational, and tactical levels, the first mistake to avoid is treating them as three rigidly separated steps in a hierarchy. It is not enough to say that the strategic level is “more important,” the operational level…
What will still matter when intelligence becomes cheap? This is the central question at the heart of the forthcoming volume Messy Jobs by Luis Garicano, Jin Li, and Yanhui Wu. Much of the debate on artificial intelligence is framed around a simple…
Innovation is not the same thing as invention. Invention produces novelty; innovation transforms novelty into value. That transformation depends on an ecosystem: capital able to finance uncertainty, markets large enough to reward scale, institutions fast enough to enable experimentation, and…
A vocabulary used loosely In contemporary legal and political debate, five expressions are made to carry a great deal of weight and are frequently treated as interchangeable: national interest, national security, essential (or fundamental) security interests of the State, public…
ABSTRACT Strategic analysis keeps failing (Kabul, Kyiv, the late recognition that artillery and industrial capacity would decide the war) not because individuals err but because analytical systems don’t learn. Three interlocking failures explain it. Empirical: the field keeps no score. It rewards visibility…
Arturo Artom’s La nuova intelligenza argues that we are living through a deep transformation in the way intelligence, work, education, and personal identity function. I chose to discuss it here because the questions it raises touch directly on what I see changing…
Governor Fabio Panetta’s “Concluding Remarks,” delivered on 29 May 2026, paint a picture of a surprisingly resilient global economy shaken by a new energy shock — and point to artificial intelligence as the decisive battleground for Italy’s future. Every year,…
Federico Fubini’s article on Donald Trump’s economic interventionism captures a crucial shift in contemporary capitalism. The phrase “a socialist in the White House” is rhetorically effective, but analytically imprecise — and getting the analysis right matters more than the rhetoric.…
Article 105 of the General Court’s Rules of Procedure deals with how the Court handles classified or security-sensitive information in a case. The core tension it resolves: normally both parties to a case must see all evidence (the adversarial principle),…
For years, screening foreign investments for security risks was something EU Member States could do but were not required to do. That has now changed. The European Parliament has approved a reform that makes screening mandatory in sensitive sectors —…
What the IAA is After the Net-Zero Industry Act, the Critical Raw Materials Act, and the Chips Act, it would be easy to dismiss the Industrial Accelerator Act (IAA, COM(2026) 100 final) as one more entry in an already crowded…
