European Union law and policy
Whenever a new report on artificial intelligence comes out, I am less interested in which model has topped the rankings than in what has actually changed. Stanford’s 2026 AI Index offers some useful answers. It is hardly a celebration of the technology:…
Cloud, Artificial Intelligence and European Sovereignty: A New Arena of Transatlantic Tensions The remarks made by the US ambassador to the European Union, Andrew Puzder, about Europe’s plans to regulate cloud and artificial intelligence services strike me as particularly revealing,…
I had been waiting for this judgment for some time. The request for a preliminary ruling from Germany, in Case C-67/25, raised a seemingly narrow question, but one with important implications for the effective enforcement of EU sanctions against Russian…
The Graham Act, Trump’s decision of 9 October 2026, and the politics of sanctions exemptions 9 October 2026 — Legal and policy analysis Barely three weeks after the enactment of one of the most far-reaching US sanctions statutes directed at…
Switzerland’s vote on 27 September 2026 deserves some reflection beyond the referendum result itself. With 70.16% of voters rejecting the popular initiative to “Safeguard Swiss Neutrality”, and a majority voting against it in all 26 cantons, the outcome was remarkably…
Congress, the President, and the changing constitutional law of U.S. trade policy It is easy, in the current tariff debate, to take for granted precisely what needs clarifying: who actually has the constitutional authority to impose tariffs in the United…
The European Union’s response to Russian hybrid activities has developed into a distinct sanctions regime with an increasingly broad reach. Rather than focusing exclusively on Russia’s military aggression against Ukraine, the framework addresses forms of destabilisation that operate across the…
Anyone studying economic security today faces a fundamental question: when does economic interdependence become a weapon? Edward Fishman’s “How to Fight an Economic War” addresses this question head-on, offering a sharp analysis of how globalization has been transformed from a…
One of the persistent challenges in studying international security is understanding how the UN’s counter-terrorism architecture actually works—not in theory, but in the overlapping, sometimes redundant network of bodies that has grown since 2001. The United Nations addresses the threat…
The Opinion of Advocate General ?apeta in Elisa Eesti (Case C-354/24) of 19 March 2026 is one of those cases that looks, at first glance, highly technical, almost niche, and then suddenly reveals itself as something much larger. On the surface, the…
How much independence is too much? This is a question that runs through EU institutional law, from the European Central Bank to the data protection authorities created under the GDPR. Independent authorities are public bodies that exercise regulatory, supervisory, or…
Natalie Alkiviadou’s presentation highlights how freedom of expression, a cornerstone of democracy, is currently facing political “weaponization” and an inconsistent approach from the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR). The tension she identifies is one that anyone working at the intersection…
According to the 18 December 2025 Report, the European Parliament’s Security and Defence Committee puts a blunt proposition on the table: Europe is entering an era in which drones are not a “capability”, drones are the environment. Drones as the…
The question of whether withdrawal from international organizations strengthens or weakens a state’s actual sovereignty is far from settled. On January 7, 2026, the White House published a Presidential Memorandum directing U.S. executive departments and agencies to take “immediate steps”…
