Whenever a new report on artificial intelligence comes out, I am less interested in which model has topped the rankings than in what has actually changed. Stanford’s 2026 AI Index offers some useful answers. It is hardly a celebration of the technology:…
Today, while preparing a university lecture on intelligence collection in digital networks, I had a rather interesting exchange with ChatGPT. It made me reflect on how artificial intelligence interprets information, particularly when national security is involved. I was working on…
In 1981, the Police released Too Much Information, a track from their album Ghost in the Machine. That song, and the album as a whole, have always meant a great deal to me. I was twelve or thirteen at the time, and…
Cloud, Artificial Intelligence and European Sovereignty: A New Arena of Transatlantic Tensions The remarks made by the US ambassador to the European Union, Andrew Puzder, about Europe’s plans to regulate cloud and artificial intelligence services strike me as particularly revealing,…
Whenever a new report on artificial intelligence comes out, I am less interested in which model has topped the rankings than in what has actually changed. Stanford’s 2026 AI Index offers some useful answers. It is hardly a celebration of the technology:…
When it comes to artificial intelligence and journalism, the question often asked is whether an automated system can write an article in place of a journalist. In academia, the question is similar: will it be able to produce essays, prepare…
“I have the impression that, even if we handed political decision-makers today the newspaper from next year, many of them would not know what to do with it.” The remark is deliberately paradoxical, but it captures a real problem: the…
On 1 December 2025, the United Nations General Assembly adopted resolution 80/23 on the “Possible risks of the integration of artificial intelligence into command, control and communications systems of nuclear weapons.” The title precisely delineates the problem: the integration of…
The European Union’s response to Russian hybrid activities has developed into a distinct sanctions regime with an increasingly broad reach. Rather than focusing exclusively on Russia’s military aggression against Ukraine, the framework addresses forms of destabilisation that operate across the…
The central lesson from de Volkskrant’s investigation into Dutch intelligence before Russia’s 2022 invasion of Ukraine is not simply that the AIVD and MIVD “missed” the invasion. It is more troubling than that: they had many of the relevant indicators, but…
Germany is entering a decisive phase in the reform of its intelligence law. The debate is no longer limited to technical adjustments after constitutional litigation. It now concerns the future institutional role of the federal intelligence services, especially the Bundesnachrichtendienst (BND),…
Arturo Artom’s La nuova intelligenza argues that we are living through a deep transformation in the way intelligence, work, education, and personal identity function. I chose to discuss it here because the questions it raises touch directly on what I see changing…
For years, screening foreign investments for security risks was something EU Member States could do but were not required to do. That has now changed. The European Parliament has approved a reform that makes screening mandatory in sensitive sectors —…
The Decree of the President of the Council of Ministers of 22 April 2026 establishes the implementing regulation for Article 7-bis, paragraph 5, of Decree-Law No. 174 of 30 October 2015, concerning the management of crisis situations involving aspects of national security.…
One of the persistent challenges in studying international security is understanding how the UN’s counter-terrorism architecture actually works—not in theory, but in the overlapping, sometimes redundant network of bodies that has grown since 2001. The United Nations addresses the threat…
The Opinion of Advocate General ?apeta in Elisa Eesti (Case C-354/24) of 19 March 2026 is one of those cases that looks, at first glance, highly technical, almost niche, and then suddenly reveals itself as something much larger. On the surface, the…
Understanding in science is often invoked as though it were a single, self-evident achievement—and this confusion matters far beyond the natural sciences. Anyone who works with legal reasoning knows how easy it is to mistake a well-structured argument for a…
Overview: The transformation of Germany’s intelligence system in 2025 is arguably one of the most significant institutional shifts in European security governance since the end of the Cold War. The year 2025 brought significant changes to Germany’s intelligence community, driven by…
The system of UN Special Rapporteurs stands or falls on credibility. These mandates have no coercive power, no enforcement machinery, and no democratic mandate of their own. Their authority depends almost entirely on method, restraint, and the perception of independence.…
According to the 18 December 2025 Report, the European Parliament’s Security and Defence Committee puts a blunt proposition on the table: Europe is entering an era in which drones are not a “capability”, drones are the environment. Drones as the…
