Low Earth orbit (LEO) satellites are reshaping global communications because they enable fast internet connections with very low latency, operating at altitudes generally below 2,000 km. This infrastructure, however, remains surprisingly exposed to high-intensity cyber threats. The result is a…
Virtual Private Networks (VPNs) have become almost synonymous with privacy and security in the public imagination, marketed as shields against surveillance, trackers, and overreaching internet service providers. That narrative has deep commercial traction, yet closer inspection reveals complexities, trade-offs, and sometimes contradictions in how…
The revised FDI screening regulation is not just a procedural update. It represents the EU’s clearest admission that foreign investment in critical sectors is a security question, not merely an economic one — and that the patchwork of national screening…
Generative AI is not only a new tool in the digital toolbox. Generative AI is a turning point in how societies think, create, and organise knowledge. This technology opens an extraordinary opportunity to amplify human potential, to free time and…
To understand how Large Language Models reason, one has to start from a tension that is both technical and conceptual: the tension between formal logic and the way modern AI actually learns. Classical logic is unforgiving. It is discrete, combinatorial, brittle. It works…
The European Union’s economic debate has been dominated for years by concerns over productivity gaps, the incomplete Single Market, and the pace of innovation. Yet a new hierarchy of priorities is emerging. According to the European Parliament’s recent study Strategic Autonomy…
The Cloud and AI Development Act represents one of those legislative projects whose ambition reveals the scale of the problem it is trying to solve. Europe’s digital infrastructure deficit is not a secret, but the decision to address it through…
U.S. national security planning rests on a layered ecosystem of strategic documents. Each plays a distinct role, yet all interact to guide decisions on defense, diplomacy, intelligence, and technological power. The structure resembles a cascading hierarchy: the White House defines…
The European Commission’s €120 million fine against X on December 5, 2025 is best read as a design-and-transparency case, not as a content-removal or “censorship” crusade. The Commission framed this as the first non-compliance decision under the Digital Services Act (DSA) and grounded it…
Recent statements by the US presidency on NATO and collective defense function less as a direct assault on Europe and more as a strategic “wake-up call” exposing the continent’s deep unpreparedness and structural vulnerabilities. These remarks can be interpreted in…
Europe is no longer a comforting footnote in Washington’s strategic imagination. Europe is a test case, a market, a burden to be rebalanced and , at times, a civilization to be “rescued” from its own regulatory and political instincts. The National…
The title says “economic security,” but what the document actually delivers is a policy framework for managed openness — a concept that would have been nearly unthinkable in Brussels a decade ago. The shift from unconditional trade liberalisation to strategic…
The €140 billion question was never really about money. It was about whether frozen Russian assets could serve as collateral for Ukrainian reconstruction without crossing the legal boundaries that the ECB is mandated to enforce. The answer turned out to…
The problem of Europe’s shadow economy does not lie in a lack of law. It lies, more disturbingly, in the density and sophistication of law itself. The system described in the investigative report operates largely within the boundaries of legality,…
The war in Ukraine has forced Europe to face a blunt fact: European security still rests heavily on the United States. For decades, the American umbrella allowed European governments to postpone tough decisions on defense. Now, with war on its…
On August 27, 2025, Germany marked a historic date: the Federal Cabinet formally established a National Security Council (NSC), the most significant reform of German security architecture in recent decades. This institutional transformation represents Berlin’s concrete response to an increasingly…
In early 2017, three of Europe’s most powerful economic ministers — Brigitte Zypries from Germany, Michel Sapinfrom France, and Carlo Calenda from Italy signed a letter that quietly reshaped the European Union’s approach to global investment. Their message, addressed to Cecilia Malmström, then European Commissioner for Trade, was…
On November 19, 2025, the Dutch government decided to suspend its emergency control over Nexperia, stepping back from the company seizure it had ordered on September 30. The decision was framed as a gesture of de-escalation following “constructive talks” with…
The France National Intelligence Strategy 2025 presents a structured overview of how the French government defines, organizes, and prioritizes its intelligence activities in light of evolving global threats and strategic transformations. The document represents both a doctrinal framework and a political declaration, articulating the principles…
Dark academia: The corporate university Is dying Peter Fleming’s book, Dark Academia: How Universities Die, offers a devastating exposé of the assault waged by neoliberalism on higher education, transforming universities from a crucial public good into an “adjunct of sordid market forces”.…
Modern diplomacy no longer lives exclusively in the realm of treaties, communiqués, or quiet negotiations behind closed doors. It unfolds in the open spaces of public discourse, where states fight for attention, legitimacy, and narrative dominance. In this environment, the…
Overview The Documento Programmatico Pluriennale 2025?2027 (DPP) of the Ministero della Difesa of Italy presents a multiyear programme that goes beyond mere budgetary forecast or procurement plan: it signals a broad strategic posture for Italy’s defence and security apparatus. The…
European defence debates often focus on platforms, ammunition, industrial capacity, and procurement speed. European defence readiness also depends on something more basic and more fragile: energy. European armed forces need fuel to move, electricity to sense and communicate, and resilient…
The Financial Times recently reported that the European Commission has begun setting up a new intelligence coordination unit under President Ursula von der Leyen, in what could become one of the most politically sensitive moves of her second term. The new body—hosted within the…
There is a need for policies that redefine the social covenant, and they are needed at multiple levels: national and international. Some concrete ideas. 1. Understand the type of shock: it is not only that “jobs are missing”, but that…
How Russia learned from failure When Russian troops crossed into Ukraine in February 2022, many expected a swift victory—a demonstration of Moscow’s power and a humiliation for Kyiv. Within weeks, that illusion collapsed. The invasion turned into a series of…
Japan is now pledging that part of its US bound $550 billion trade investment package could help finance a Taiwanese chipmaker, most likely TSMC, to build fabs in America. Why Japan is doing this • Hedging geopolitical risk With TSMC’s fabs concentrated in Taiwan…
BlackRock’s Geopolitical Risk Dashboard is not just another data visualization. It is an attempt to quantify something that seems, by nature, unquantifiable — the market’s perception of geopolitical tension. Developed by the BlackRock Investment Institute (BII), the dashboard translates the vast and often…
In the increasingly complex landscape of international law, strategic litigation has emerged as both a tool for individual justice and a catalyst for systemic change. The workshop “Strategic Litigation in International Law”, hosted by the University of Trento’s Faculty of Law…
Palliora is a decentralized platform for sharing intelligent thoughts and is designed to allow users to selectively share their data for trusted, confidential, and verifiable computation. Its primary purpose is to provide security and privacy guarantees, ensuring that only the intended recipients will have…
Seventeen years ago today, on November 1, 2008, an anonymous figure using the name Satoshi Nakamoto shared a nine-page document with a small cryptography mailing list. Its title was simple — “Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System.” Yet within those pages lay the seed of…
The question sounds provocative, but it cuts straight into a real tension: international law presents itself as the law of a community of states, yet the system clearly bends around a handful of powerful players. If international law simply mirrored what…
A significant transformation is occurring in chip manufacturing, shifting control over the global economy. The United States, which invented the semiconductor industry and still leads in design, equipment, and software, saw its manufacturing dominance decline from 40% in 1990 to…
On November 7, 2025, I’ll take part in the conference “The New Space Era: A Multidisciplinary Governance for the Future of Public Policies”, hosted by Luiss University’s Research Center for International and Strategic Studies (CISS) at the Aula Toti, Luiss Campus (Viale Romania 32, Rome).…
In the traditional world of machine learning, data has always been the raw fuel. Corporations, research organisations and governments collect it, centralise it and feed it into models that learn to recognise patterns, predict outcomes and make decisions. But what…
1.0 Introduction: the business and regulatory imperative for geolocation The enforcement of region-specific regulations and content policies is a primary operational challenge for global online services. These services must reliably determine a user’s geographical location to tailor content and ensure…
This is an official statement from Nexperia China, dated October 23rd, 2025, addressing a dispute between Nexperia Netherlands (the Dutch headquarters) and Nexperia China Ltd. The Dutch headquarters reportedly dismissed John Chang, Vice President of Global Sales and Marketing.Nexperia China rejects that decision, declaring it legally invalid in…
1. Context and relevance The ferry MS Estonia sank on 28 September 1994 in the Baltic Sea, with approximately 852 casualties. The States of Estonia, Finland and Sweden signed on 23 February 1995 the “Agreement regarding the MS Estonia” which designates…
Nineteen sanctions packages in three years. The number alone tells a story about the nature of EU sanctions policy against Russia: not a single decisive blow, but a slow, cumulative tightening that reflects both political resolve and the difficulty of…
The Declaration of the Semicon Coalition marks a decisive moment in Europe’s ongoing effort to consolidate technological sovereignty within the global semiconductor ecosystem. Signed in Brussels on 29 September 2025 by ministers from twenty-seven Member States, the document calls for a “revised and…
